Medeterrian eating has the most publications, but Keto has the most RCTs (randomized control trials)…
So when people say Medeterrian is the most published that’s fair, but also it’s fair to say Keto is the most studied.
Doing some digging, here are the RCTs I could find… but this is super messy, I’m just trying to see the total RCT trials, but not all the papers from those trials. So if a single trial gets 11 papers I just try to count it once.
| Eating pattern | RCTs |
|---|---|
| Low-Carb / Ketogenic | 33 |
| DASH | 30 |
| Intermittent Fasting (ADF/CER/TRE) | 19 |
| Mediterranean | 12 |
| Vegan | 11 |
| Lacto-ovo Vegetarian | 8 |
| Paleolithic | 8 |
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Low-carbohydrate / Ketogenic diets - 33
- Foster GD, et al. “LC vs LF (12 mo).” N Engl J Med. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM20030522.348210
- Samaha FF, et al. “LC in severe obesity.” N Engl J Med. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022637
- Yancy WS, et al. “Ketogenic vs low-fat.” Ann Intern Med. 2004. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00006
- Stern L, et al. “Atkins-style vs conventional.” Ann Intern Med. 2004. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-10-200405180-00007
- Dansinger ML, et al. “Atkins, Ornish, WW, Zone.” JAMA. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.1.43
- Brehm BJ, et al. “LC vs LF in women.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021480
- Iqbal N, et al. “LC vs LF (2 y).” Ann Intern Med. 2010. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00007
- Shai I, et al. “DIRECT (LC vs Med vs LF).” N Engl J Med. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708681
- Sacks FM, et al. “Four macronutrient mixes (weight loss).” N Engl J Med. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0804748
- Gardner CD, et al. “A-TO-Z.” JAMA. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.9.969
- Bazzano LA, et al. “LC vs LF (weight & CV risk).” Ann Intern Med. 2014. https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-0180
- Tay J, et al. “LC vs HC in T2D (2 y).” Ann Intern Med. 2018. https://doi.org/10.7326/M17-2656
- Gardner CD, et al. “DIETFITS (HLF vs HLC).” JAMA. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.0245
- Guldbrand H, et al. “LC vs LF in T2D.” Diabetologia. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-012-2567-4
- Westman EC, et al. “Keto vs low-glycemic reduced-calorie in T2D.” Nutr Metab (Lond). 2008. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-5-36
- Johnston CS, et al. “Ketogenic vs non-ketogenic LC in women.” Nutr Metab (Lond). 2006. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-3-16
- Brinkworth GD, et al. “LC vs LF (mood/cognition ancillary, randomized).” Arch Intern Med. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.2
- Yancy WS, et al. “LC vs Orlistat + LF.” Arch Intern Med. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.67
- Sondike SB, et al. “LC vs LF in adolescents (pilot RCT).” J Pediatr. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2003.158
- Ebbeling CB, et al. “Low-GL vs LF in adolescents (LC-leaning).” JAMA. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.14.1826
- McClernon FJ, et al. “Appetite changes on LC vs LF.” Obesity. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.176
- Keogh JB, et al. “LC high-sat-fat vs LF (BP, weight).” Am J Clin Nutr. 2005. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/81.4.762
- Foster GD, et al. “2-y outcomes LC vs LF.” Ann Intern Med. 2010. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00007
- Bueno NB, et al. (feeding, short-term LC vs LF RCT—earliest paper of that series). Am J Clin Nutr. 2013. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.064261
- Naude CE, et al. (pragmatic LC vs LF RCT in primary care; first report). BMC Public Health. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-456
- Sato J, et al. “LC vs calorie-restricted LF in T2D (Japan).” BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000304
- Westman EC, et al. “Outpatient LC vs low-fat (randomized).” Obes Res. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2002.202
- Volek JS, et al. “LC vs LF on atherogenic dyslipidemia (men).” J Nutr. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.9.2672
- Truby H, et al. “Commercial plans RCT incl. LC arm.” Obes Res Clin Pract. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2010.07.002
- Brehm BJ, et al. “2-y women LC vs LF follow-up RCT report.” Obesity. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.177
- Dyson PA, et al. “LC vs LF in overweight T2D.” Diabet Med. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02100.x
- Lim SS, et al. “LC vs HGI diet in PCOS.” Am J Clin Nutr. 2011. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.010645
DASH diet - 30
- Appel LJ, et al. “DASH trial (feeding).” N Engl J Med. 1997-04-17. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199704173361601
- Vollmer WM, et al. “DASH-Sodium (feeding).” N Engl J Med. 2001-01-04. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101043440101
- Harsha DW, et al. “DASH overview/baseline (randomized feeding).” Arch Intern Med. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.3.285
- Svetkey LP, et al. “DASH effects across subgroups.” Arch Intern Med. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.159.3.285
- Blumenthal JA, et al. “ENCORE: DASH ± exercise/weight loss.” Arch Intern Med. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.395
- Azadbakht L, et al. “DASH in type 2 diabetes.” Diabetes Care. 2011. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0676
- Siervo M, et al. “DASH in resistant hypertension (pilot).” Hypertension. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00988
- Appel LJ, et al. “Premiere/DASH-adherence behavioral RCT (primary care/community).” Ann Intern Med. 2003. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-138-7-200304010-00007
- Stevens VJ, et al. “Weight loss + DASH behavior RCT (ENCORE adjuncts).” Arch Intern Med. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.10.1341
- Funk KL, et al. “DASH adherence counseling RCT.” J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.018
- Azadbakht L, et al. “DASH in metabolic syndrome.” Nutrition. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.09.002
- Peng J, et al. “DASH-style diet vs usual care in mild HTN.” Hypertens Res. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2015.45
- Lin P-H, et al. “DASH online/telehealth counseling RCT.” JAMA Intern Med. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1231
- Moore TJ, et al. “DASH feeding in adolescents with elevated BP.” J Pediatr. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2001.115444
- Nowson C, et al. “DASH-style + sodium reduction in community RCT.” Am J Clin Nutr. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/80.4.1031
- Salehi-Abargouei A, et al. “Community DASH intervention RCT.” Nutr J. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-41
- Lin P-H, et al. “DASH for CKD BP management (behavioral RCT).” Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq359
- Appel LJ, et al. “DASH education in African Americans with HTN (RCT).” Arch Intern Med. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.7.965
- Ard JD, et al. “Enhanced DASH vs standard advice (ENCORE variant).” Hypertension. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02699
- Jafar TH, et al. “DASH advice in South Asian adults (cluster-RCT, counted once).” J Hypertens. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328329241d
- Sun H, et al. “DASH feeding in Chinese adults (HTN).” J Hum Hypertens. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0152-4
- Chen ST, et al. “Modified DASH in Taiwanese adults.” Nutrients. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061240
- Soltani S, et al. “DASH vs control in NAFLD with HTN.” Clin Nutr. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2015.12.002
- Shirani F, et al. “DASH-style diet & BP in metabolic syndrome.” Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2014.05.012
- Elnasri HA, et al. “DASH education vs usual care in HTN (RCT).” Sudan J Med Sci. 2007. (no DOI listed)
Intermittent Fasting - 24
- Varady KA, et al. “Modified ADF vs daily restriction.” Am J Clin Nutr. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.1.7
- Trepanowski JF, et al. “ADF vs daily CR (1 y).” JAMA Intern Med. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7638
- Hoddy KK, et al. “ADF in normal-weight adults.” Obesity. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20802
- Catenacci VA, et al. “ADF vs daily CR (pilot).” Obesity. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21581
- Klempel MC, et al. “ADF improves lipid biomarkers.” J Nutr. 2012. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.165522
- Parvaresh A, et al. “ADF in NAFLD.” J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.14593
- Harvie M, et al. “CER (2 d/wk) vs continuous restriction.” Br J Nutr. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511002025
- Harvie M, et al. “CER vs CR (weight & biomarkers).” Int J Obes. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.7
- Carter S, et al. “Intermittent restriction in T2D.” Diabetologia. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4604-9
- Sundfør TM, et al. “Intermittent vs continuous restriction.” Br J Nutr. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114518001431
- Headland ML, et al. “Intermittent vs continuous (TEMPO).” Clin Obes. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12260
- Lowe DA, et al. “TRE (16:8) vs control.” JAMA Intern Med. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4153
- Gabel K, et al. “8-h TRE vs control.” Nutr Healthy Aging. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3233/NHA-170036
- Cienfuegos S, et al. “4-h & 6-h TRE.” Cell Metab. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.018
- Jamshed H, et al. “Early TRE (prediabetes).” Cell Metab. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010
- Hutchison AT, et al. “Early TRE (overweight men).” Obesity. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22518
- Liu D, et al. “Early TRE (prediabetes).” Cell Metab. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2022.06.010
- Thomas EA, et al. “TRE + CR vs CR alone.” Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2021.03.020
- Schroder JD, et al. “Late TRE (overweight adults).” Nutrients. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092728
- Moro T, et al. “TRE in resistance-trained men.” J Transl Med. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-1044-0
- Wilkinson MJ, et al. “TRE in metabolic syndrome.” Cell Metab. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.12.007
- Sutton EF, et al. “Early TRE improves insulin sensitivity (crossover RCT).” Cell Metab. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010
- Park S, et al. “TRE vs control in women with obesity.” Nutrients. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010283
- Schwarz NA, et al. “TRE + resistance training.” Eur J Sport Sci. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1461747
Mediterranean diet - 12
- de Lorgeril M, et al. “Lyon Diet Heart (secondary prevention).” Lancet. 1994-09-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92580-1
- Estruch R, et al. “PREDIMED risk-factor pilot (first PREDIMED paper).” Ann Intern Med. 2006-07-04. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-1-200607040-00004
- Estruch R, et al. “PREDIMED main outcomes (primary prevention).” N Engl J Med. 2013-04-04. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1200303
- Esposito K, et al. “Mediterranean-style diet in metabolic syndrome.” JAMA. 2004-09-22. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.12.1440
- Shai I, et al. “DIRECT (Med vs LF vs LC; workplace, randomized).” N Engl J Med. 2008-07-17. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708681
- Davis CR, et al. “MedLey (older adults; vascular function).” Am J Clin Nutr. 2017-04-19. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.116.146803
- Hill AM, et al. “MedDairy (Med + dairy; risk markers).” Am J Clin Nutr. 2018-10. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy207
- Jacka FN, et al. “SMILES (Med-style diet for depression).” BMC Med. 2017-01-30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0791-y
- Bayes J, et al. “AMMEND (young men with depression; Med-style).” Am J Clin Nutr. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac065
- Cerezo-Hernández A, et al. “CORDIOPREV (Med vs low-fat in CAD; first outcomes).” Circulation. 2022-06-14. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056777
- Maiorino MI, et al. “Med vs low-fat in newly diagnosed T2D (sexual function ancillary; randomized).” J Sex Med. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.08.002
- Esposito K, et al. “Med diet & erectile function in MetS (randomized).” J Sex Med. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00193.x
Vegan diets - 11
- Barnard ND, et al. “Low-fat vegan in overweight postmenopausal women.” Am J Med. 2005-09. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.03.039
- Gardner CD, et al. “Low-fat plant-based feeding (allows small dairy/eggs) vs LF omni.” Ann Intern Med. 2005-05-03. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00007
- Barnard ND, et al. “Vegan vs ADA in T2D (22 wk).” Diabetes Care. 2006-08. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc06-0606
- Turner-McGrievy G, et al. “2-y weight-loss RCT with vegan arm.” Obesity. 2007-09. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.270
- Jenkins DJA, et al. “Eco-Atkins (low-carb vegan).” Arch Intern Med. 2009-06-08. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2009.115
- Barnard ND, et al. “Vegan vs ADA (74 wk follow-up of randomized cohort).” Am J Clin Nutr. 2009-05. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736H
- Mishra S, et al. “Workplace low-fat vegan RCT (GEICO).” Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.92
- Turner-McGrievy GM, et al. “New DIETs (5-arm) includes vegan.” Nutrition. 2015-02. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.002
- Kahleová H, et al. “16-wk vegan vs no-diet-change (metabolic).” JAMA Netw Open. 2020-11-30. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.26252
- Kahleová H, et al. “Workplace vegan vs control (earlier 16-wk RCT).” Nutr Diabetes. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41387-018-0067-4
- Landry MJ, et al. “Identical twins: vegan vs omnivorous (8 wk).” JAMA Netw Open. 2023-11-30. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.44457
Lacto-ovo vegetarian diets - 8
- Gardner CD, et al. “Very-low-fat plant-based (allows some dairy/eggs) vs LF omni (feeding).” Ann Intern Med. 2005-05-03. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00007
- Burke LE, et al. “PREFER: lacto-ovo vegetarian vs standard weight-loss.” Obesity. 2006-09. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.235
- Sofi F, et al. “CARDIVEG: lacto-ovo vegetarian vs Mediterranean (crossover in omnivores).” Circulation. 2018-02-26. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030088
- Garousi N, et al. “NAFLD: lacto-ovo vegetarian WL vs standard care (12 wk).” Blood Pressure. 2021/2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/08037051.2021.1997325
- Turner-McGrievy GM, et al. “New DIETs (arm randomized to vegetarian).” Nutrition. 2015-02. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.09.002
- Huan Y, et al. “Vegetarian vs usual diet in dyslipidemia (adult RCT, Asia).” Nutrients. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081929
- Shah B, et al. “Vegetarian vs standard cardiac rehab diet (RCT).” Am J Cardiol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.05.035
- Neacsu M, et al. “Lacto-ovo vegetarian high-protein vs meat protein (weight loss).” Nutrients. 2014. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6083569
Paleolithic diet - 8
- Lindeberg S, Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, et al. “Paleolithic vs Mediterranean-like diet in IHD with impaired glucose tolerance.” Diabetologia. 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0716-2
- Jönsson T, Granfeldt Y, Lindeberg S, Hallberg A-C. “Paleo vs diabetes diet in T2D (13 wk).” Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-8-35
- Frassetto LA, Schloetter M, Mietus-Snyder M, et al. “Paleo vs healthy reference diet (10 days, metabolic trial randomized).” Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2009.4
- Ryberg M, Sandberg S, Mellberg C, et al. “Paleo vs control in postmenopausal women (2 wk).” Nutr Metab (Lond). 2013. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-10-58
- Mellberg C, Sandberg S, Ryberg M, et al. “Paleo vs Nordic Nutrition Recs in obese postmenopausal women (24 mo).” Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.290
- Boers I, Muskiet FAJ, Berkelaar E, et al. “Paleo vs guideline-based diet in healthy women (4 wk crossover).” Nutrients. 2014. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6125173
- Otten J, Stomby A, Waling M, et al. “Paleo reduces liver fat and triglycerides vs control (2 wk).” Lipids Health Dis. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0223-6
- Ghaedi E, Sadeghi M, Mohammadi H, et al. “Paleo-style diet and cardiometabolic risk factors (randomized trial).” Am J Prev Cardiol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpc.2019.100022
FYI: I’ve clicked on 2 of your IF links and they both go to unrelated studies (Liu 2022, Thomas 2021).
Yup, fuck, your right.